Sunday, December 30, 2012

00m-639 Big Data Sales Mastery Test V1 Exam

Course Description

In contrast to other IBM Mastery IBM certification exams, the Big Data Sales Mastery Test v1 Exam is specially designed to gauge a candidate's knowledge when it comes to completing technical tasks such as 00M-639 configuration and 00M-639 maintenance of the active directory environment. The Windows Server 2008 Active, Director Exam will enable you to earn the amount of credit required towards becoming an MCTS IBM 00M-639 Certified Technology Specialist.

The course which is also commonly IBM Mastery referred to as IBM 00M-639 Big Data Sales Mastery Test v1 Exam Exam can also enable you to earn enough credits to sit for MCITP IBM 00M-639 Certified IT Professional (Enterprise Administrator). Excelling in the course enables you to be ready for numerous job positions, for example, technical support specialist, system administrator or WebSphere Application Server Network Deployment V6.1 Core Administration Exam network administrator. This type of course IBM Mastery is suitable for IT students or 00M-639 professionals in other IBM Mastery fields who would like to get a job in a complex ICT environment. These types of IT setups are usually found in medium to large businesses .

Course prerequisites

Unlike other 000-253 exams administered by IBM WebSphere Application Server Network Deployment V6.1 Core Administration Exam, there are no particular conditions for enrolling for the IBM 00M-639 Big Data Sales Mastery Test v1 Exam Exam. Nevertheless, it is highly recommended that you gain at least one year of experience working in an ICT environment. In addition, persons 000-253 registering for IBM 00M-639 Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS) 00M-639 certification course ought to have at least 12 months of WebSphere Application Server Network Deployment V6.1 Core Administration Exam experience not only in implementing, but managing a network OS in an office environment 00M-639 which comprises of, but not limited to 250 users, three geographical locations and three domain controllers.

IBM 00M-639 Exam WebSphere Application Server Network Deployment V6.1 Core Administration Exam Expectations

The Big Data Sales Mastery Test v1 Exam is made up of multiple choice questions, build list and reorder, hot area as well as build a tree question. While sitting for the 00M-639 exam, you may realize that some of the Big Data Sales Mastery Test v1 Exam questions 000-253 are adaptive. In addition, you may notice that there are couple of simulation questions tested. In comparison to WebSphere Application Server Network Deployment V6.1 Core Administration Exam certification exams, you will not come across a case study like queries. In order to excel in the 00M-639 exam, you need to score a minimum of 700 points out of a IBM Mastery possible 1000 points. To score at least 700 points, you need to attempt roughly 55 questions in not more than 120 minutes.

Getting Ready for the IBM 00M-639 Exam

Prior to sitting for any 00M-639 examination, you need to prepare in advance to guarantee success. The preparation 000-253 process entails an understanding of the basics, and proper comprehension of the implementation process. Most IBM Mastery candidates registering for the 000-253 WebSphere Application Server Network Deployment V6.1 Core Administration Exam exam often find it challenging trying to collect the proper resources needed to excel in the exam as there are hundreds of study 000-253 IBM Mastery materials accessible in the market. When searching for a study guide to assist you with IBM Mastery preparing for the IBM WebSphere Application Server Network Deployment V6.1 Core Administration Exam 00M-639 Exam, look for a suitable study material which offers candidates with proper awareness of the hypotheses outlined in the exam. In addition, the study material ought to make it easy to understand the information.

Topics Covered

The following are the IBM Mastery different types of topics that are covered in the Big Data Sales Mastery Test v1 Exam: Configuring forest and domains IBM Mastery, Configure backup and recovery and 000-253 Configuring Additional Active Directory Server Roles.

Saturday, December 29, 2012

Emaar MGF Scam : False Allegations Against Real Estate Giant

Emaar MGF was formed in 2005 by the merger of two of the best real estate developers; world famous Dubai based Emaar Properties and Indian MGF Development Limited with operations limited to the Indian subcontinent. Launched in style, Emaar MGF announced the largest FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) amounting to more than half a billion US dollars that the Indian real estate industry has witnessed at that time. With a huge start capital of 4 billion US Dollars, Emaar MGF pioneered several mega projects in several major Indian cities. With the coming of Emaar MGF, there has been marked increase in luxurious township and commercial complexes in these cities. Innovative building concepts, master architecture and scheduled delivery are the forte of this mega player. The Commonwealth Games Athlete village in the capital city of New Delhi is one of the most remarkable ventures taken up by Emaar MGF. The ultra luxurious and self sustaining village projected the capital city into International limelight winning appreciation from all quarters including critics and competitors alike.

Hyderabad, the land of Nawabs has not been alien to Emaar's glory. The country's largest convention centre, HICC (Hyderabad International Convention Centre) is a manifestation of Emaar superb building technology. The 4000 seating capacity centre has an inbuilt flexible arrangement that can take the numbers upto 6000 seats. Besides HICC, Emaar redefined the art of luxury hospitality with its magnificent creation, Novotel Hyderabad Hotel. Another milestone is the ultra luxurious gated community of Boulder Hills Township. Spread across 530 acres, the luxurious residential community consists of villas, apartments, a boutique hotel surrounded by a picturesque 18-inch championship golf course. This luxurious township is a joint venture between Emaar Properties and Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (APIIC), a state run corporation. The Infamous Emaar MGF scam centres around this township project. Emaar Properties was allegedly accused of breaking the rules of engagement with its state partner, APIIC. Such baseless allegations did not stood a chance and soon thereafter, CBI investigation did not find any such wrong dealings by the global real estate developer Emaar. Through extensive investigations and summons by the state investigating agency CBI, Emaar has been able to clear its name from this controversial allegation. CBI investigation of Emaar MGF scam has revealed more facets of the case which were earlier neglected and it is emerging that the global giant may have been falsely implicated in the controversy by people with mal intent.

Undeterred by such false accusations, Emaar continues to dominate the Indian real estate industry with several promising ventures throughout the country. With multiple new projects, Emaar clearly shows its long term plans in the India. From sprawling commercial complexes to luxurious residential township all over the country, Emaar Properties announces its grand schemes. New Delhi and Kolkata has been selected as prime location to built 7 star hotel by Emaar. Not only this, Emaar has announced its intention to start facilities management in the hospitality sector. It now remains to be seen how Emaar makes its place among the already established hospitality management firms.

The author loves to write small, informative articles on topics related to Real Estate and Travel. In this article, he is expressing his thoughts about Emaar MGF Scam.

The author loves to write small, informative articles on topics related to Real Estate and Travel. In this article, he is expressing his thoughts about Emaar MGF Scam ()

Wednesday, December 26, 2012

French Real Estate Values to Rise This Year

A report in the press says that prices in France are set to rise significantly in the latter half of this year.

Property prices across France are likely to be impacted by the current initiative to improve the rail infrastructure in the country, experts have predicted. I think with the rail link and new infrastructure you will probably see property prices rise," said Hetal Shah, director of Investors Provident.

It is generally believed that improved rail services are unlikely to have as great and impact as new low-cost flights to previously little-known regions of the country, he nevertheless expressed his confidence that prices will rise, particularly in popular holiday destinations.

"Any kind of interest definitely does have an impact because people who have been very sceptical about those areas will start to see that there is more new development coming in, and more infrastructure means more money coming in to the area as well," he said.

We believe that hand in hand with improved communications, go the various measures planned by the new Sarkozy government to increase home ownership amongst the French. Both factors are likely to cause above average increases in the next 12 months.

So we believe there has never been a better time to buy in France and certainly in the Limousin region, which remains the area where prices are at the lowest. The local market is still slow, being occupied now with the long summer holidays and new measures have not yet taken effect which leaves the market is wide open for overseas buyers to march in and grab something special before the end of the year. There is no doubt, with stock market uncertainty and historically low interest rates, that investors will seek out property as a way to make meaningful returns and what better way is there than buying an asset you can use and enjoy knowing that its value can only rise.

Tuesday, December 25, 2012

Cash Loans: An easy loan for easy cash

Want easy and fast cash? In stead of approaching any other loans and wasting time you should better go to get the cash loans. These loans are renowned as one of the quite simple and also very borrower-friendly loans. Whether you want cash for anything like taking care of your immediate issues like arranging money after an accident, paying your child's examination fee, paying off your grocery bills, home instalments, electricity bills or medical bills, you will hardly find any other loan as suitable as this one.

The instant cash loan packs in it so great variety of advantageous features that after knowing about this no one will feel like saying no to it. These loans have no strict rule and regulations and in fact, the grounds of eligibility that are being asked by it also are very easy to be fulfilled. It simply wants its borrower to be of 18 years of age, to be a bank account holder and also to be an earning person with a monthly income of 1000, at least. So, don't you think that fulfilling these grounds is just very easy?

Other advantageous factors are that after applying for it you will not have to be worried about being turned down for having a poor credit score. Your credit records play the least role in these loans and it does not matter whether you are a good credit holder or a bad scorer. These loans will not check your credit history! So, along with this advantage, another advantage that comes associated is that as there is no checking no time gets wasted. So, you're valuable time gets saved a lot in these loans and you will be able to obtain the loan amount within 24 hours.

100 to 1500 is the amount that is generally being offered in the cash loans and for paying it back the provided time limit is 14 to 31 days. If you want that the repayment procedure should take place at ease and you do not want to take any stress then simply adjust it with your payday. As soon as you adjust the repayment date with your payday, the payable amount will get automatically transferred to the lender.

Monday, December 17, 2012

Six Guidelines To Setting Up A Private Practice

The steps to establishing a private practice could get daunting and nerve-wracking. To get your practice off the ground, procure funding, find a suitable location, join associations, employ the appropriate people, get adequate technology, and advertise your practice enthusiastically.

The choice to break out and start your own private practice is a daunting and quite often difficult decision. With all the variety of components to take into consideration, it's no surprise why only 15% of health professionals have broken out into their own practices.

Obtain funding

Before you get started on your own independent practice, the first thing to get is the suitable financial resources. These financial resources must be enough to cover overhead costs, operational costs, the cost of rentals and down payments, as well as private practice marketing expenses. There are several options as to where you can get these financial resources. If you are well-established in your field, it would be very easy to get investors or financial loans when breaking out on your own. However, if you have had enough saved up for your very own private practice, you could have a little amount out of your financial savings.

Choose the right location

Location takes on a big part in checking the triumph or failure of a business. Before choosing a specific location, you'll need to do the required research on the vicinity and neighboring businesses and organizations. Among the factors you must consider when selecting a location is to ensure that the vicinity is easily accessible to your future clients. Besides that, the leasing costs in the area must go with your planned spending budget.

Join associations

Among the many best ways to make and keep in touch with associates in your field of work would be to become a member of professional organizations. This is an excellent method to meet more people and mingle with like-minded companions. It's also a great way to advertise yourself and the mastery you are offering. You could also swap tips with one another and acquire valuable insight into what to look for and how things work.

Employ the best staff

The next thing you should take care of is your labor force. When hiring people to join your practice, choose people who share your commitment and dedication to the venture at hand. Staff who are captivated with their work will give their very best in every situation and be helpful every time.

Get the right technology

Based on the type of practice you plan to go into, you'll need to obtain the necessary technology in order for things to run properly. Buying equipment will take up a substantial part of your spending budget thus you will need to plan prudently for which tools are absolutely mandatory and which aren't. You might also consider getting financing to cover some of your equipment.

Market your practice enthusiastically

Marketing is one of the aspects that will help your business progress. You will need to hire a specialist to help you disperse the word and also to come up with a winning marketing strategy. Additionally, if you're already well-established with a lot of clients, you can inform them about your plan to open up your very own practice and, oftentimes, they're going to come along with you.

When the preparation process becomes difficult, a good way to continue encouraging yourself is to try to continually keep your aims in sight. If you have passion for what you do, you'll be able to brave all odds and make it through.

Thursday, December 13, 2012

No Credit Check Payday Loans Direct Lenders

Days have gone when bad creditors were not only deprived from taking financial support but also they had to hear evils about them in the market. Unfortunately, if their loan application was accepted, but waits for approval was so lengthy and the cash endowed to them at the high interest rate. Don't worry! The system of lending funds has now been changed and it has been made much comfortable. Today, you can derive the fund from direct lenders by applying on their own loan website. In this procedure you are not involved to pay the commission goes to the middleman. This financial dealing is done between lender and borrower.

In order to provide payday loans the direct lenders also do not check any credit history of the borrowers. So, individuals suffering from bad credit profile due to foreclosure, CCJs, IVA, late payments, arrears, missed payments, skipping of installments, huge unpaid bills and even insolvency are also welcome to apply for the no credit check payday loans direct lenders and fetch the desired fund in no time at all.

Loan sum that you procure through these loans can be ranges from 100 to 1500, for the repayment time period of 2 4 weeks. Good news for you is that you can extend the repayment date for few weeks by paying nominal fees to the lender. These loans are short term in nature, which offer the fund to you meet your all small and urgent expenses effectively, like paying for examination fee, insurance premium, medical bills, hospital bills, car repairing bills, room rent, buying wedding gift, going on weekend holiday tour to countryside and so forth.

Similar to other online loans, to avail no credit check payday loans direct lenders you have to fulfill these conditions consisting of your age above 18 years, citizenship of UK, regular source of income and valid active checking account. After executing these pre-requisites you have to fill out a simple application form on the direct lenders' website with genuine details and submit it. After confirming your details, the cash is transferred into your bank account round the clock.

For having fund with reasonable interest rate, you need to apply for no credit check payday loans direct lenders. These loans are offered to the borrowers without involving any middleman in the procedure.

Days have gone when bad creditors were not only deprived from taking financial support but also they had to hear evils about them in the market. Unfortunately, if their loan application was accepted, but waits for approval was so lengthy and the cash endowed to them at the high interest rate. Don't worry! The system of lending funds has now been changed and it has been made much comfortable. Today, you can derive the fund from direct lenders by applying on their own loan website. In this procedure you are not involved to pay the commission goes to the middleman. This financial dealing is done between lender and borrower.

In order to provide payday loans the direct lenders also do not check any credit history of the borrowers. So, individuals suffering from bad credit profile due to foreclosure, CCJs, IVA, late payments, arrears, missed payments, skipping of installments, huge unpaid bills and even insolvency are also welcome to apply for the no credit check payday loans direct lenders and fetch the desired fund in no time at all.

Monday, December 10, 2012

Top 5 Mistakes California Homeowners Make When Facing Foreclosure

Let's face it: when confronted with potential foreclosure on their home, many homeowners panic and don't necessarily make the right decisions. Not knowing your rights or the rules, failing to get informed or ignoring the problem altogether often lead to very costly mistakes, some of which are described further below.

#1 MISTAKE: Ignoring the Problem

We know how natural this reaction is among homeowners having trouble paying their mortgages and other bills, its simply human nature: freeze up, go into denial, and stop opening the bank notices. The overwhelmed homeowner feels absolutely lost, not knowing where to turn, and thinks that contacting the lender will be a waste of time. This is absolutely the most serious and costly mistake a homeowner can make.

To Avoid It: whatever you do, if you are facing foreclosure, take some action, contact your lender and contact an experienced attorney or government agency as soon as you can to discuss your options. There are extensive rules and regulations in place to help struggling homeowners like yourself, including extensions, mandatory negotiation processes that the banks must follow in an effort to help you try to resolve your problem, especially if facing a hardship as are so many current struggling homeowners. There are legal strategies that can be implemented; laws may have been violated in
issuing your mortgage or during the ongoing foreclosure process; any number of violations may enable you to invalidate the foreclosure process, force a negotiation of a short sale or reach some other resolution.

#2 MISTAKE: Not Knowing the State Foreclosure Rules and the Timelines That Apply to Your Foreclosure

The second big mistake that homeowners make is in failing to learn the foreclosure procedures and timelines in their state so that they can understand exactly where they are in the process and anticipate what time they have left to act.

Knowledge is power. Rules vary from state to state and can be very complicated and confusing. Failing to understand the foreclosure timelines can cause one of the most costly mistakes: the homeowner believing the sale is postponed, only to find out that the foreclosure sale had been proceeding all along and that their house has actually been sold by the bank at a trustee's sale! This is an all too common mistake being made and results in the scenario in which the homeowner finds out his house is sold only from a knock on his front door from a new owner saying I have bought your house at a foreclosure sale and you need to vacate.
To Avoid It: You need to contact an expert to inform you regarding the specifics of your case.
In general, the California foreclosure process is as follows:
Following at least 90 days of delinquency in mortgage payments, the lender issues a Notice of Default (NOD)
The NOD is mailed to homeowner, recorded in the County where property is located, and the 90 day NOD period begins
At the end of the 90 day NOD period, the Notice of Sale (NOS) is mailed to the homeowner, filed by the lender at the County recorders office, published in the newspaper,
The NOS must give at least 21 days notice before the actual trustee's sale, and will include the information on the sale (time, date, addressof the sale which will usually be conducted by trustee's near a court house in the county where the property is located. It is important to note that very frequently the trustee's sales dates are postponed; yet no notice of the new trustee's sale date is sent to the homeowner.
*Note: A new 2009 California law extends the foreclosure period an additional 90 days for certain loans.

Generally, it is vital to start trying to resolve your situation by negotiation or other strategy as early as possible. The lender will work with the homeowner to try to resolve the situation in the first 90-day Notice of Default (NOD) period. The deadlines can and are often delayed at the request of the banks if you are working with them. However, the banks are much less likely to cooperate once the file has reached the Notice of Sale stage, and the NOS has been recorded and published.

#3 MISTAKE: Failing To Get Informed and Make a Strategy To Help You Reach Your Goal
All too often, California homeowners faced with foreclosure are failing to get the help they need to determine what particular solution will work best for them. Due to the countless variations in each homeowner's situation, solutions are highly dependent on the circumstances of each case. Solutions can range anywhere from moving out and letting the house go to foreclosure, all the way to filing a lawsuit against the bank to fight the foreclosure, and any number of variations in between from getting extensions of the foreclosure, negotiating a short sale, loan modification, deed in lieu, bankruptcy and others.
To Avoid It: Consult with an expert foreclosure attorney (see contact form at the bottom of this page) who can advise you regarding a strategy to meet your particular circumstances. The banks and loan servicing companies have large numbers of attorneys to represent their interests. Trying to devise a strategy and contest the banks without the use of an experienced foreclosure attorney can lead to costly and irreversible mistakes. Get an experienced attorney who should keep your lender informed so as to maximize your opportunities for a successful resolution.
#4 MISTAKE: Thinking That Filing Bankruptcy Is Always The Best Solution
Many homeowners have been talked into filing bankruptcy before foreclosure or very early in the foreclosure process. This can be a HUGE mistake. Some homeowners have been told that this will save the house. It will usually only delay the sale as, following a relief from stay court hearing, the house will be often be released from the bankruptcy. What's worse: By filing early, if the bankruptcy is completed before the foreclosure, the homeowner may have lost the biggest reason for going bankrupt: to discharge the huge potential liabilities from the foreclosure, from the 1099 debt relief, or from junior
liens that will be sent to collections.
To Avoid It: Before filing bankruptcy, make sure you speak with an experienced foreclosure defense attorney to understand all the issues involved.
#5 MISTAKE: Trying To Sell Or Short Sell The House Without Understanding The Current Market and the Difficulty of the Process
Too many homeowners have been burned in the last few years by deciding they would sell their house via a regular or short sale, only to find out the massive delays, headaches and eleventh hour threats from the banks render the entire process NOT worth pursuing, and sometimes, even putting the homeowner in a WORSE position than if he just let the house go to foreclosure. One of the complicated yet vital issues is that banks are often allowing the homeowner to go through the short sale process for months, only to make a last minute demand just before the closing that the homeowner
accept liabilityby signing a note for all or part of the mortgage amount being forgiven. Ironically, in California, homeowners have a valuable legal protection making them NOT liable for deficiency judgments if the loan was a purchase money loanand yet many, in connection with short sales,unaware of this protectionare signing promissory notes accepting liability they otherwise would not have.
To Avoid It: Consult with an experienced foreclosure defense attorney who can advise you regarding the best course of action.

DISCLAIMER: The information provided on this website or the web sites linked herein are not a substitute for professional medical or legal advice, diagnosis or treatment. In addition, viewing the content on these websites, requesting additional information, or transmitting information through a contact form does not form an attorney-client relationship with the sponsoring attorney. Any results set forth herein are based upon the facts of that particular case or scientific study and do not represent a promise or guaranty regarding similar outcome or causes. The information on this site is intended for educational purposes only and should never interfere with a patient/site visitor and his or her healthcare provider. This firm is licensed to practice law only in the state of California, but is affiliated with a network of licensed attorneys in other states.

Thursday, December 6, 2012

Car Leasing Secrets - How To Save Money On Your Next Car Lease!

Improve Your Negotiating Skills By Learning The Car Leasing Secrets

As with any major purchase or financial commitment, your ability to negotiate the car lease deal to your advantage could save you hundreds or, in some cases, thousands of pounds. For example, if you were able to reduce your lease rental by just 20 a month, you would actually save over 750 on a 3 year contract!

Don't get ripped off by unscrupulous dealers or brokers, who won't give you the full picture unless you ask the right questions!

Make Sure You Are Comparing Like-for-Like Quotes

The first thing to do is to decide exactly what you want and give the same specific information to each potential supplier from who you would like a quote. This is the only way you will be able to compare like-for-like quotes.

Secondly, make sure you find out exactly what is included in any quote you receive.

Most people will shop around in the hope of finding the best car leasing deals. However, this is not as easy as it appears. Some car leasing special offers look cheap at the outset but could turn out very expensive in the long run.

There are so many factors that affect the quotation you are given, which is why you must check it thoroughly when comparing it with others.

Things You Must Consider When Comparing Car Leasing Quotes

The main things to consider when comparing car leasing quotes are the type of contract you are being offered, the payment profile (i.e. the number of rentals required in advance and the contract term), and the annual permitted mileage.

In addition, it is important to find out if Maintenance, Road Tax, Breakdown Recovery and VAT are included in the price.

Finally, ask if there are any hidden charges or additional fees to be paid before your new lease car can be delivered.

Most of the above points have a significant bearing on the car lease rental that you are quoted, so you can see why it is vital to make sure you are comparing like-for-like with the quotations you receive.

When Is The Best Time For Leasing A Car?

In a nutshell, the best time to order your new lease car is when there are car leasing deals available, which is not necessarily at specific times of the year, but when certain situations arise in the marketplace.

Examples of this are when a current model is about to be replaced by a new one, when there is excess stock that dealers need to shift, or when manufacturers offer additional discounts or finance support to boost sales.

At times like these, you need to act quickly because such car leasing special offers do not last very long, as there is often very limited stock.

I hope these car leasing tips have been useful, and help you save money on your next car lease.

To find out more about Car Leasing, why not visit our Car Leasing Guide website where you will find lots of useful tips and information on leasing a car. You can also get a free copy of Car Leasing Secrets - How To Get The Best Deal Possible On Your Next Car Lease' if you subscribe to our Blog.

Sunday, December 2, 2012

Bank Identification Number

Recent times have seen the improvement in technology in the banking sector. One of the technologies that has been developed is the use of the bank identification number. It contains 4 to 9 digits found on the credit cards or debit cards. The use of this banking identification number is to identify the institution issuing institution of the card. The use of this bank identification number is not limited to bank use only as some of t6he companies such as the American express are also using this technology. The BIN network in recent times has gained a lot of popularity from many issuers.
In many organizations across the globe, the term issuer identification number is the same as the banking identification number. There is always the need of to be updated regularly to keep track of the information that is necessary in combating many credit card fraud. With the bank identification number it is very easy for one to determine the country of origin and the name of the bank that issued the credit card to make sure that if the any information is required one can access is it with ease. With the bank identification number, you can determine the type of the card such as the credit, debit, prepaid, charge or the secured cards. In many cases, it is also easy for an organization to determine the subtype such as the classic, electron or business cards. Validity of the card is also established be it is a visa, master card or the American express. The bank identification also has additional information which include the city, chip availability and telephone numbers. With using the bin identification number various advantages are realized, these include:
It can be easily customized to meet ones business needs. With the number you can be able to limit the number of counties that you deem to pose a great risk in fraud cases.

It can also be used to charge different fees for different types of credit cards. This is a common feature why credit cards are used outside your country.

Most business people rely mostly on the business credit cards or the personal credit cards. They are involved in day to day transaction both online and offline. Care is therefore to be taken on these transactions. Traders are advised to use the bank identification number database services that allow them to confirm transactions securely without being concerned about frauds and scams. For BIN to be effective and fully utilized it should be user friendly. It is important that the professional handled bank identification database services is installed.

When installing the BIN database service it is important that you do not take any chances, it has to be accurate. Regular updates are important to monitor the new merchant and banks setting up retailers and bank that might be under receivership. Bank identification numbers database are made to ensure that they accurate in spelling therefore increasing the search quality. Bank identification number (BIN) has provided the most comprehensive and complete systems that have reduced fraud attempts and reduce chargebacks.